Entrepreneurial ecosystems

International business fundamentally is about creating an ecosystem environment conducive to entrepreneurship. This means fostering actions and behavior that provide a systemic interaction with multiple entities. In this editorial for the special journal issue, the historical background and origins of the entrepreneurial ecosystem concept is discussed with the view to connected different strands of literature. This provides an optimal way to understand the way entrepreneurship develops through an ecosystem logic. The theoretical perspectives for understanding entrepreneurial ecosystems are discussed that lead to a discussion on each of the articles included in the special journal issue. Themes emerging from these articles are then stated that include a focus on value co‐creation, stakeholder collaboration and entrepreneurial networks. This enables a holistic way to understand the linkages international business has with entrepreneurial ecosystems.     

全球价值链下中国增加值贸易的核算及网络特征研究

基于投入产出模型和社会网络分析，利用世界投入产出表相关数据，对2000—2014年中国的增加值贸易进行核算，并分析全球增加值贸易的网络特征。研究结果显示：（1）从出口目的地来看，中国向美国、日本、德国等国家的增加值出口较大；（2）从行业来看，中国的纺织业、除汽车和摩托车之外的其他产品批发业、采矿业等行业的增加值出口较大；（3）根据网络密度的计算结果，世界范围的各国（地区）贸易联系程度在增强；（4）中国的相对点度数和点强度有上升的趋势，而日本和美国有下降的趋势，说明中国在世界增加值贸易格局中的地位在提升，不过美国仍在世界增加值贸易格局中占据主导地位；（5）核心边缘分析结果表明核心国家（地区）的数目经历了先增加后减少的过程，边缘国家（地区）数目则先减少后增加。其中，中国的核心度一直在增加，日本和美国的核心度呈现下降的趋势。因此，为了扩大增加值贸易，增强国际贸易的话语权，中国政府有必要采取调整进出口税率等政策，并重视与美国等国家的双边贸易合作，以实现双赢的结果。     

计及外部性的储能系统价值测算及经济性评估

以应用在电力系统中的电储能系统为研究对象,以外部性理论为基础,构建了计及外部性的储能系统经济性测算模型,并以储能系统接入光伏电站为例,采用贴现现金流分析方法,预估储能投资成本和收益,分别从投资者角度和社会整体效益角度,来研究储能系统应用在可再生能源发电侧的经济性,并进行了盈亏平衡分析。通过盈亏平衡曲线分析了储能盈亏平衡情景,经济性分析结果显示储能系统的外部性收益占年收益比例较大。     

基于CE模型的河南省耕地生态补偿额度研究

[目的]基于生态补偿利益主体的需求和支付意愿,充分考虑区域经济发展状态,测算具有弹性的生态补偿标准,确保生态补偿机制顺利运行。[方法]以河南省457份实地调查问卷为基础,采用选择实验法,建立由4个属性水平、7个选择集组成的生态价值属性集,测算受访对象生态补偿的支付意愿。[结果]城乡居民对于耕地资源景观与生态环境关注度最高,其次是耕地质量和耕地面积;农民和市民对于耕地生态价值属性满足的支付意愿存在显著差异性,农民支付意愿为2 060.55元/hm~2,市民支付意愿为3 396.15元/hm~2,两者相差近1 335.60元/hm~2,收入水平、环保意识是影响受访对象生态补偿支付意愿的最直接因素,但两者均认为耕地面积不变、耕地质量改善和耕地景观生态环境改善为最优选择。[结论]补偿额度应充分考虑相关利益主体的支付能力和意愿,将农民的支付意愿作为生态补偿下限,市民的支付意愿作为生态补偿上限,可建立具有一定弹性的生态补偿机制。     

Cooperative game with nondeterministic returns

We study a non-traditional cooperative game where returns from coalitions are nondeterministic. The long-standing concept of core can be generalized to reflect players’ contentment with their allocations. It is now imperative to formalize the restrictions, such as those pertaining to information, on allocations. The latter are also at times more conducive to fractional representations. With probabilistic structures added, nondeterministic returns become random variables, utility functions attain risk-attitude connotations, and the timing of players’ allocation resolutions gains significance. Under various conditions for utility functions, we show how various core concepts of the general game can be related to its traditionally defined auxiliaries. These developments help pave the way for our illustrations, within two distinct settings, that players’ increased risk aversion would promote the formation of the grand coalition.     

Geographies of Algorithmic Violence: Redlining the Smart City

City governments are embracing data-driven and algorithmic planning to tackle urban problems. Data-driven analytics have an unprecedented capacity to call urban futures into being. At the same time, they can depoliticize planning decisions. I argue that this shift calls urban studies scholars to investigate geographies of algorithmic violence—a repetitive and standardized form of violence that contributes to the racialization of space and spatialization of poverty. This article examines this broader phenomenon through the case of a proprietary market value assessment that is being used to guide development in cities across the United States. The assessment employs an algorithm that helps city officials make critical decisions about which neighborhoods to target for investment, disinvestment and public service upgrades or disconnections. I argue that the racial, infrastructural, and epistemological violence associated with this evaluation can potentially lead to a new kind of municipal redlining. The article brings insights from critical race theory into conversation with critical scholarship on algorithms by analyzing how algorithmic violence works through data-driven planning technologies to depoliticize and leverage power while further entrenching racism and inequality.     

CORPORATE TAX AVOIDANCE: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH AGENDA

Tax avoidance can range from reduction of the corporate tax burden by legitimate use of tax rules to violation of tax laws. In this paper, we endeavor to synthesize the major findings of tax avoidance research from the accounting and finance literatures over the past ten years. We consider theoretical developments and the related empirical findings about the interconnected issues of measuring tax avoidance, and the possible causes and outcomes of corporate tax avoidance. We present some ideas for further research to examine underexplored topics regarding tax avoidance.     

The effect of mergers and acquisitions on environmental,social and governance performance and market value: Evidence from EU acquirers

This study explores the effect of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance on market value and performance in the context of mergers and acquisitions. We examine whether acquisition of targets with better ESG performance can help acquirers to increase their own ESG performance and whether the market values the increased ESG performance positively. Moreover, we explore whether the acquisition of targets with better ESG performance affects the market value of acquirers. For this study, we utilize a sample of 100 European mergers and acquisitions between 2003 and 2017, for which matching data on the ESG performance of both the target and acquiring firms are available. Our results show that the postmerger ESG performance of the acquirer increases following the acquisition of a target that has higher ESG performance than that of the acquirer in the premerger stage, whereas the postmerger market value of the acquirer increases following an increase in the acquirer's postmerger ESG performance in relation to its premerger ESG performance. Finally, we provide partial evidence of a positive relationship between the postmerger market value of the acquirer and the acquisition of a target with higher ESG performance than itself in the premerger stage.     

风险投资异质性与政府补贴创新效应——“锦上添花”还是“画蛇添足”?

在中国实现“创新大国”转向“创新强国”的政策背景下，增强企业创新需要政府和风险资本市场的积极支持。本文采取多元回归分析方法，以2009—2016年中国554家创业板上市公司为样本，研究政府补贴对企业创新“数量”和“质量”的影响。结果显示：政府补贴对企业创新“数量”和“质量”均有显著的促进作用；创新数量在政府补贴对创新质量的影响中起部分中介效应。进一步研究发现，风险投资异质性对政府补贴创新效应具有显著调节作用，其中风险投资的参与会减弱政府补贴对创新质量的正向影响，是“画蛇添足”的行为；国有背景风险投资的参与能显著增强政府补贴对创新质量的正向影响，是“锦上添花”的行为。本文拓展了政府补贴对企业创新影响的研究，丰富了宏观经济政策与微观企业行为的相关文献。本文的研究结论为理性认识国家创新驱动发展战略背景下政府补贴的创新效应，充分发挥风险资本市场的积极效应，实现政府和市场的双重驱动提供了经验证据。     

黑龙江省农业旅游资源分布及其价值分析

[目的]对黑龙江省农业旅游资源分布及其价值进行分析和评价,以期为黑龙江省农业旅游的可持续发展提供参考和借鉴。[方法]文章对黑龙江省农业旅游资源进行分类型论述,采用层次分析法(AHP)建立黑龙江省农业旅游资源价值评价体系,根据农业旅游经营者和管理者对指标的打分值与指标权重值加权计算各类型农业资源价值指数并分析资源价值。[结果](1)根据农业资源分布、地理环境、气候天象、人文特色,将黑龙江省农业旅游资源划分为地文农业旅游区、水文农业旅游区、气候天象农业旅游区、生物生态农业旅游区、人文农业旅游区5个区域,各区域各有特色,差异性明显。(2)根据各区域资源价值指数分析看出,气候天象农业旅游区的资源价值最大,其次是地文农业旅游区,然后是水文农业旅游区和生物生态农业旅游区,人文农业旅游区的资源价值最小。[结论]黑龙江省农业旅游资源非常丰富,能够形成一个相对完整的农业旅游资源体系,具有较强的可持续发展潜力。在黑龙江省农业旅游的五大发展区域中,气候天象农业旅游区和地文农业旅游区的旅游资源价值较大。黑龙江省可以持续开发建设这一类农业旅游项目,并根据季节性与地理环境特征着力打造冰雪农业旅游。